Jainism and Patanjali Yoga (Comparative Study)

by Deepak bagadia | 2016 | 109,819 words

Hinduism Hindu Philosophy Yoga

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Summary: This essay studies the Spiritual Practices of Jainism and Patanjali Yoga in the context of ancient Indian Philosophy (in Sanskrit: Darshana). The system of Yoga offers techniques which are scientifically designed for the spiritual development of an individual. Jainism offers ethics, meditation practices and ideological principles to help realize one’s true nature, origin and the ultimate goal of human life. The literature used in this study includes the Yogasutra and the Tattvartha-Sutra. Both these texts offer invaluable insights in the ancient Indian practice of Yoga.

Source 1: exoticindiaart.com
Source 2: shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Contents of this online book ( + / - )

The full text of the Jainism and Patanjali Yoga (Comparative Study) in English is available here and publically accesible (free to read online). Of course, I would always recommend buying the book so you get the latest edition. You can see all this book’s content by visiting the pages in the below index:

Acknowledgement

+ Chapter 1 - Introduction

. Part 1 - Introduction to Indian Philosophy

. Part 2 - The History of Indian Philosophy (theoretical background)

. Part 3 - Essence of Indian Philosophies

. Part 4 - Objective of Thesis

. Part 5 - The basis of Research work and Hypothesis

. Part 6 - Survey of previous research (Literature Review)

. Part 7 - Yoga in various Jain and Indian literatures

. Part 8 - A Comparative Study of different Indian Philosophies

. Part 8.1 - Introduction to Nyaya darsana

. Part 8.2 - Introduction to Vaisesika Darsana

. Part 8.3 - Introduction to Samkhya Philosophy

. Part 8.4 - Introduction to Yoga Philosophy

. Part 8.5-6 - Introduction to Mimamsa and Vedanta Philosophy

. Part 8.7 - Jain Philosophy

. Part 8.8 - Buddhist Philosophy

. Part 8.9 - Carvaka Philosophy

. Part 9 - Modern Philosophy: Indian and Western

. Part 10 - Eastern Philosophy versus Western Philosophy

. Part 11 - Conclusion

+ Chapter 2 - Yoga philosophy and practices

. Part 1 - Yoga Philosophy and Practices

. Part 2 - Patanjali and his Rajayoga

. Part 3 - Various Scriptures of Yoga

. Part 4 - The Concept and Content of Patanjali Yogadarsana

. Part 4.1 - Meaning and purpose of Yoga

. Part 4.2 - The concept of Citta

. Part 4.3 - Cittavrtti (Modifications of mind)

. Part 4.4 - Yogic techniques for control of Vrttis (1): Kriyayoga

. Part 4.4 - Yogic techniques for control of Vrttis (2): Astangayoga

. Part 4.4 - Yogic techniques for control of Vrttis (3): Abhyasa and Vairagya

. Part 4.4 - Yogic techniques for control of Vrttis (4): Pranava Sadhana

. Part 4.4 - Yogic techniques for control of Vrttis (5): Isvara-pranidhana

. Part 4.5 - Obstacles on the path of Yoga (citta-viksepa)

. Part 4.6 - Methods of Purification of Mind (citta-prasadana)

. Part 4.7.1 - Klesas (Afflictions)

. Part 4.7.2 - Yogic (Spiritual) Remedies

. Part 4.8 - Doctrine of karma

. Part 4.9 - Samadhi and Samapattis

. Part 4.10 - Samyama and its effects (parinama)

. Part 4.11 - Supernatural powers

. Part 4.12 - Kaivalya (State of liberation)

+ Chapter 3 - Jain Philosophy and Practice

. Jain Philosophy and Practices

. Part 1 - History of Jainism and Biography of Lord Mahavira

. Part 2 - Fundamental Principles of Jainism (Introduction)

. Part 2.1 - Right perception (samyak darsana)

. Part 2.2 - Right knowledge (samyak jnana)

. Part 2.3 - Right conduct (samyak caritra)

. Part 2.4 - Five vows (pancavrata)

. Part 2.5 - Subsidiary Restraints

. Part 3 - Doctrines of Jainism (Introduction)

. Part 3.1 - Anekantavada and Syadvada

. Part 3.2 - The Doctrine of Karma

. Part 3.3 - The doctrine of five bodies (subtle physiology)

. Part 3.4 - Jain Metaphysics—The Nine Elements (nava-tattva)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (1): Jiva (self, soul)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (2): Ajiva (Insentient substances)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (3): Asrava (influx of Karmic Pudgala to Atman or Jiva)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (4): Bandha (Bondage of karma)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (5): Punya (Favourable condition)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (6): Papa (Unfavourable condition)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (7): Samvara (Stoppage of influx of karma)

. Five types of Samitis (carefulness, circumspection)

. Three guptis (restraints or preservation)

. Twelve reflections (cintana-anupreksa)

. Twenty-two hardships (Parisaha)

. Five caritras (conduct)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (8): Nirjara (exhaustion of the accumulated karma)

. External Austerities (Tapas)

. Internal Austerities (Tapas)

. Artadhyana (Meditation on Pain, sorrow)

. Raudradhyana (cruel meditation)

. Dharmadhyana (virtuous or righteous meditation)

. Sukladhyana (pure meditation)

. Part 3.4 - Nine Elements (9): Moksa (Liberation)

. Part 4 - Stages of spiritual elevation (guna-sthanakas)

. Part 5 - Jain scriptures and Spiritual teachers

. Part 5.1 - The main Twelve Angas

. Part 5.2 - Twelve additional Upangas

. Part 5.3 - Ten Payanna

. Part 5.4 - Cheda-sutras, Chulika-sutras and Mula-sutras

. Part 5.5 - Availability of Jain scriptures

. Part 5.6 - Tattvarthasutra: the summary of Agamas

. Part 6 - Spiritual Practices prescribed for Jain ascetics—Monks and Nuns

. The five Mahavratas

. Part 7 - Spiritual Practices prescribed for Jain Householders—Sravaka and Sravika

. The five Anuvratas

. The three Silavratas

. The four Siksavratas

. Ten Cardinal Virtues

. Six Avasyakas (essentials)

. Six Essential observances

. Ten rituals of the Temple

. Part 8 - Celebrations/ Festivals, Prayers and Prime symbol in Jain traditions

. Significance of the prime Symbol of Jainism:

+ Chapter 4 - A Comparative Study

. Part 1 - Basic Principles of Yoga and Jainism

. Part 2 - Pramana (means of valid knowledge)

. Part 3 - Concept and Nature of liberation (Moksha / Kaivalya)

. Part 4 - Doctrine of karma

. Part 5 - Spirituality in Yoga and Jainism

. Part 6 - Literature (comparing Yoga and Jainism

. Part 7 - Patanjali’s Ashtanga Yoga compared to Jainism

. The twelve steps of Preksa-dhyana

. Part 8 - Five Attitudes (bhavana)

. Part 9 - Supernatural powers: Siddhis

. Part 10 - Afflictions: Avidya v/s Mithyattva

. Part 11 - Biographies (Patanjali v/s Mahavira)

. Part 12 - Similarities and differences of both the Philosophies in Nutshell

Chapter 5 - Conclusion and Discussion

Annexure 1: The time cycle (wheel) of the Universe

Annexure 2: Jain Prayer - Mantra

Annexure 3: States of spiritual journey according to Yoga

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Last Updated: 19 August, 2023

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