Diaspora of Bhuta (Daiva) worshipping cult—India and Indonesia
by Shilpa V. Sonawane | 2019 | 34,738 words
This study researches the Bhuta (Daiva) worshipping cult in India and Indonesia.—This Essay is carried out at a multidisciplinary level, through the religious, geographical, historical, mythological, cultural and anthropological analogy between two states, India and the Indonesian archipelago, and its rich culture and religion, together with the pr...
Part 4 - Agama Hinduism followed by Hindus in Bali Indonesia
It is called a collection of the writings of many Hindu worship schools Agamas (IAST: āgama).[1] [2] Abtek literally means tradition or "What Inn" The texts of Agama describe cosmology, the theory of knowledge, philosophical doctrines, concepts of meditation and practices, four types of yoga, mantra, temple construction and ways to do things. Up to six times.[3] These reliable explanations are Sanskrit[4] and Tamil (written in Grantha writing and writing Tamil)[5] [6].
The three main assertions of the Agama texts are those of Shaivite Fair (Shiva), Vishnav (Vishnu), and Shaktizem (Devi)[7]. Eccentric traditions are sometimes called tantra[8], although the term "tantra" is usually only used to mention Shakta Agamas[9],[10]. Agama literature is sensual and contains 28 Agamas Shiva, Shakta Agamas 77 (also known as tantra) and 108 Vaishnava Agamas (also called Pancharatra Samhitas) and many APS-Agamas.[11]
The source and sequence of Agamas is uncertain. Some Vedic and some non-Vedic.[12] The traditions of Agama include concepts of yoga and self-realization, and include some Kundalini Yoga[13], asceticism and philosophies of Dvaita (binary) in Adviata (monism)[14] [15]. Some have suggested that these are post-Vedic texts, others are preVedic compositions.[16] [17] [18] Symbolic and historical evidence suggests that the texts of Agama were present in the middle of the first millennium of our time, in the Palava dynasty.[19] [20]
According to scholars, some passages of the Hindu texts of Agama seem to disown the authority of the Vedas, while other paragraphs state that the principles reveal the true spirit of the Alvida[21] [22] [23]. Agamas can also be found in [???] traditions (ie Buddhist, Jaina, etc.).[24] [25] The Hindu tradition in Bali is officially called Agama Hindu Dharma in Indonesia. 23
Although Hinduism has adopted great diversity, it has also embraced great unity. There was a deep harmony in the consciousness of all regions and peoples under the natural influence of the Hindu sphere. More precisely, there is universal reverence for Vedas, Mahabharata, Ramayana and the main Hindu goddesses.
After Hinduism, the virus spread across the Indian subcontinent and spread to many other countries. Thailand, Malaysia, parts of China, Cambodia, West Asia and, of course, Indonesia.
Completely unknown what a period of history Indonesia has become Hindu. But what is known is that the last great Hindu kingdom in the country was the empire of Majabahit (1293-1520). During the heyday of King Hayam and Rook, the Empire covered most of the current geographical barriers in Indonesia, and modern Indonesian nationalists praised the empire as an original. The current Indonesian state.
The Balinese colony was founded in 1343 by the empire of Majapahit.
The Hindu people in Bali call their religion "Agama Hindu Dharma". An examination of the beliefs of Agama Hindu Dharma shows that it conforms to traditional Hinduism, except for minor differences in names:
• Believing that they are senior dignitaries known as Ida Sanjiang Widi Wasa, Sang Hyang Tongal or Sang Hiang Sinya.
• The belief that all gods are manifestations of this Supreme Being. That belief he argues that different gods are different aspects of the same Supreme Being. Lord Shiva is also revered by other forms such as "Batara Guru" and "Maharaja Dewa" (Mahadeva).
• Belief in Trimurti, including: -Brahma, Creator -Wisnu (Vishnu), Coordinator - Ciwa (Shiva), Destroyer
• Belief in all others Hindu gods and goddesses Gratifying elucidations found in Agama Hindu Dharma are the Vedas.
Only two of the Vedas reached Bali in the past, and they are the foundations of Balinese Hinduism. Other origins of religious information have included the Puranas and the Itihasas (Ramayana and Mahabharata).
Footnotes and references:
[1]:
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3068-2. LCCN 96012383. pages 16–17
[2]:
Julius Lipner (2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-21527-7, pages 27–28
[3]:
Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue, Rodopi, ISBN 978-90-420-1510-4, pages 54–56
[4]:
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3068-2. LCCN 96012383. pages 16–17
[5]:
[6]:
[7]:
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3068-2. LCCN 96012383. pages 16–17
[8]:
Wojciech Maria Zalewski (2012), The Crucible of Religion: Culture, Civilization, and Affirmation of Life, Wipf and Stock Publishers, ISBN 978-1-61097-828-6, page 128
[9]:
Banerji, S. C. (2007). A Companion To Tantra. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-402-3 1
[10]:
Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes
[11]:
Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-79147082-4, pages 49–50
[12]:
PT Raju (2009), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, ISBN 978-81-208-0983-3, page 45; Quote: The word Agama means 'coming down', and the literature is that of traditions, which are mixtures of the Vedic with some non-Vedic ones, which were later assimilated to the Vedic.
[13]:
Singh, L. P. (2010). Tantra, Its Mystic and Scientific Basis, Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-640-4
[14]:
Jean Filliozat (1991), Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0718-1, pages 68–69
[15]:
Richard Davis (2014), Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in Medieval India, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-60308-7, page 167 note 21, Quote (page 13): "Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important."
[16]:
Guy Beck (1993), Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound, University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 978-0-87249855-6, pages 151–152
[17]:
[18]:
[19]:
Richard Davis (2014), Worshiping Śiva in Medieval India: Ritual in an Oscillating Universe, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-60308-7, pages 12–13
[20]:
For examples of Vaishnavism Agama text verses praising Vedas and philosophy therein, see Sanjukta Gupta (2013), Lakṣmī Tantra: A Paañcaraatra Text, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1735-7, pages xxiii-xxiv, 96, 158–159, 219, 340, 353 with footnotes, Quote: "In order not to dislocate the laws of dharma and to maintain the family, to govern the world without disturbance, to establish norms and to gratify me and Vishnu, the God of gods, the wise should not violate the Vedic laws even in thought–The Secret Method of Self-Surrender, Lakshmi Tantra, Paañcaraatra Agama".
[21]:
Julius Lipner (2004), Hinduism: the way of the banyan, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-21527-7, pages 27–28
[22]:
For examples in Shaivism literature, see T Isaac Tambyah (1984), Psalms of a Saiva Saint, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-81-206-0025-6, pages xxii-xxvi
[23]:
Helen Baroni (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6, page 3
[24]:
Tigunait, Rajmani (1998), Śakti, the Power in Tantra: A Scholarly Approach, Himalayan Institute Press. ISBN 978-089389-154-1. LCCN 98070188
[25]:
June McDaniel (2010), Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam, Nova Religio, Vol. 14, No. 1, pages 93–111
[26]:
Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3068-2. LCCN 96012383. pages 16–17