Part 3.7 - Essential Constituents of the Theory of Karma

The gist of the theory of Karma in the literature can be explained as under

1) As a law of causation

Karma is a causal law, the law of action and reaction applicable to all sorts of cosmic actions. In case of human, it extends along with the physical actions to the mental and moral sphere as well.

2) Moral orientation

With the responsibility of one’s own actions being retributive, Karma theory apart from physical actions enhanced the moral actions. Good actions resulted in happiness and inversely evil one’s produced sufferings Human effort (Puruṣārtha) and free will became the important ingredients of Karma.

3) Operation of Karma through rebirth and transmigration

Karma being causal and subjected to retribution, rebirth and thereby transmigration in various forms of existence came as an inevitable effect for the past actions. Karma became explanatory for the present fate of an individual.

4) Deliverance from Karma

Puruṣārtha in the form of performance of prescribed action to reduce the effect of daiva (past actions) and final liberation from the operations of karma also appear as endpoints of the theory. Karma being an efficient cause and not a primordial one gave a scope for Puruṣakāra. Prescribed actions to such extent as to release from the bondage of Karma existed in the culture. Facing the Prārabdha Karma was also a means of deliverance from Karma.